Increasing Levels of Self-Esteem in Young Athletes: Coaching Effectiveness Training Program Using Verbal Praise
Increasing Levels of Self-Esteem in Young Athletes: Coaching Effectiveness Training Program Using Verbal Praise
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Issue Date
1988
Authors
Mills, Clay "G"
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Abstract
This study was designed to examine changes in self-esteem levels in young athletes, using a coach effectiveness training program of verbal reinforcement, constructive reprimand, and modeling techniques. Two girls soccer teams ranging in age from 10 to 12 years old completed a condensed version of the pretest and post-test of the Self-Esteem Questionnaire III (Hoff Meister. 1976). This standardized questionnaire assesses feelings of self-worth in young children. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. The results indicate that the coach receiving the training program (experimental group) was able to raise the self-esteem levels of his players. The coach not receiving the training (control group) actually had the levels of self-esteem decrease, based on pretest and post-test scores. Several recommendations are also given in hopes that coaches, teachers, and parents, will use similar programs to increase levels of self-esteem in young children.