Toward a synthesis of eastern and western approaches to change based on the spiritual teachings of J. Krishnamurti and the principles of rational-emotive therapy
Toward a synthesis of eastern and western approaches to change based on the spiritual teachings of J. Krishnamurti and the principles of rational-emotive therapy
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Issue Date
1979
Authors
Kaufman, Jean M.
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Abstract
In view of the increasing interest in holistic, inter-disciplinary syntheses within the field of psychology, this study examined whether a synthesis may be drawn based on Eastern and Western approaches to change, using Albert Allis' Rational-Emotive Therapy as representative of a Western approach, and Krishnamurti's teachings as representative of an Eastern approach. It was proposed that an integration of Eastern and Western modes of change might provide a broader and more useful perspective for the practice of psychotherapy than an exclusive commitment to a single approach. Both Krishnamurti and Ellis emphasize the relationship between the conditioned nature of the cognitive processes and dysfunctional behavior. Both provide a means of self-observation that brings to awareness these conditioned processes in order to effect change. This study focused on describing the World views of Krishnamurti and Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy, establishing a relationship between them, and exploring their parallels and areas of disagreement. Areas of similarity were found in their views of factors of conditioning; the provisions they suggest for gaining an awareness of conditioning; in their work toward a dissolution of the observer; in their acknowledgment of the central role of cognition in the process of change; their emphasis on education; their insistence on personal responsibility; and their emphasis on present centeredness. Areas of difference were based on the possibility of an absolute state of awareness, the systemization of paths to change, the role of the therapist, and the factor of time. It was found that an analysis of the relationship between Ellis' RET and Krishnamurti's approach does not support the conclusion that a synthetic approach derived from both is the most viable psychotherapeutic orientation. Rather, the conclusion supports the hypothesis that a concept more satisfactory than synthesis--namely, complementarity--is useful as an orientation toward an integrative model of therapy. The applicability of a psychotherapeutic approach using the principle of complementarity is supported by studies and research findings both in psychology and in disciplines outside the parameters of psychological investigation. The perspective offered by a complementary approach can expand the perceptual boundaries of Western psychotherapy. This orientation can effect changes in maladaptive cognitive systems by expanding uni-dimensional conceptual networks and by facilitating a full-dimensional dialectic between Western models that stress cause-effect orientations (RET), and those spiritual approaches (Krishnamurti's) that point to an order beyond frameworks that limit potential for relational harmony and universal peace.