Peer Relationships of Adolescent Females With ADHD: Challenges and Counselling Implications
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Authors
Zurcher, Sharina
Issue Date
2024
Type
Capstone
Language
en
Keywords
ADHD , adolescent females , peer relationships , psychosocial treatment , attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , peer relationship challenges
Alternative Title
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), prevalent worldwide, remains underrecognized and undertreated in females, particularly during critical developmental stages such as adolescence (APA, 2022; Morley & Tyrrell, 2023; Mowlem et al., 2019). Females often experience the inattentive subtype of ADHD, which manifests in less overt symptoms that can go unnoticed, contributing to underdiagnosis (Castle et al., 2007; Derks et al., 2007; Kok et al., 2016; Quinn & Madhoo, 2014; Quinn & Wigal, 2004). This often results in difficulties with peer interactions, as the symptoms—such as inattentiveness and challenges with emotional regulation—impact social skills and peer relationships (Becker et al., 2012; Beristain & Wiener, 2020; Cardoos & Hinshaw, 2011; Gardner & Gerdes, 2015; Hoza et al., 2005; Kok et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2021; Marton et al., 2015; Mikami, 2010; Quinn & Madhoo, 2014; Sciberras et al., 2012; Sibley et al., 2010; Spender et al., 2023). These peer difficulties can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including academic struggles, mental health issues, and an increased risk of social rejection (Becker et al., 2012; Beristain & Wiener, 2020; Cardoos & Hinshaw, 2011; Gardner & Gerdes, 2015; Marton et al., 2015; Mikami, 2010; Quinn & Madhoo, 2014; Sciberras et al., 2012; Spender et al., 2023). The adolescent period, characterized by a shift towards more emotionally intimate friendships, presents additional challenges for females with ADHD (Cardoos & Hinshaw, 2011; Rokeach & Weiner, 2020). Despite efforts, existing psychosocial treatments for peer-related issues in ADHD have shown limited effectiveness (Antshel et al., 2014; Becker et al., 2012; Gardner & Gerdes, 2015; Hoza, 2007; Mikami & Hinshaw, 2006; Mikami et al., 2020; Sibley et al., 2016). This paper investigates the peer relationships of female adolescents with ADHD and examines the implications for counselling. It addresses the research question: what are the relevant factors that counselling psychologists should consider across all modalities of treatment when working with female adolescents with ADHD? Findings suggest counselling professionals to enhance their understanding of how ADHD affects peer relationships in females and to develop more targeted interventions. This includes raising awareness among caregivers and educators about the specific social challenges faced by these individuals and customizing psychosocial approaches to address executive functioning deficits, incorporating strategies such as novelty and rewards to improve peer interactions and overall functioning.