The impact of delayed diagnosis on the self-perceptions of women with late-diagnosed ADHD: A review of recent literature and theoretical implications
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Authors
Milligan, Julia
Issue Date
2025-11-18
Type
Capstone
Language
en
Keywords
ADHD , late diagnosis , women , self-perception , masking , internalized ableism , gender bias , late-diagnosed women with ADHD , ADHD in women , internalization , self-esteem , self-criticism , internalized beliefs
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Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been widely underrecognized in women due to the misconception that it primarily affected male children. Consequently, many women remain unaware of their neurodivergence for much of their lives, internalizing shame and self-blame for their difficulties. Growing awareness on gender differences in ADHD presentation has led to an influx in women being diagnosed with ADHD later in life, yet limited research has examined the role late diagnosis has on self-perception. This review seeks to answer the following question: How does a delayed ADHD diagnosis impact the self-perceptions of women with ADHD? A qualitative thematic analysis of peer-reviewed studies was conducted using academic databases, prioritized research that explored women’s lived experiences with late-diagnosed ADHD and its effects on self-concept, stigma, masking, and internalized ableism. Findings revealed that a diagnostic delay significantly impacts women's self-perceptions, leading to low-self-esteem, ongoing struggles to meet gendered and societal expectations, the use of masking strategies to conform to neurotypical norms, and the internalization of ableism and stigma that reinforce negative self-identities. However, receiving a diagnosis can serve as a transformative experience, enabling self-compassion, identity reconstruction, and empowerment, particularly when supported by neuro-affirmative approaches. The review concludes that clinicians can support late-diagnosed women with ADHD by implementing gender-responsive, neuro-affirmative approaches that promote positive identity reconstruction, self-understanding, and acknowledgement of strengths. Future research should examine intersectional factors including race, culture and socioeconomic status to inform more inclusive and equitable mental health practices.
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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
openAccess
openAccess