Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: An Exploration of Causes, Prevention, and Supports
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Authors
Attaalla, Moheb
Issue Date
2025-07-30
Type
Capstone
Language
en
Keywords
FASD , biopsychosocial framework , counselling , epigenetics , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder , intervention , neuro behavioural disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) , parental alcohol consumption , prevention , public health
Alternative Title
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a complicated, epigenetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the parents' consuming alcohol preconception and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation. The discussion explores the paternal contribution to FASD via epigenetic-mediated alterations in sperm, and the seldom-studied influence of maternal alcohol consumption on oocyte quality and postnatal offspring outcomes. This review integrates animal and human research to demonstrate how alcohol perturbs neurodevelopmental trajectories, guided by neurodevelopmental, epigenetic, and ecological systems theories within a biopsychosocial framework. Integrative thematic synthesis is employed to systematically collect and appraise empirical research on the intergenerational effects of alcohol. The discussion highlights the need for inclusive, trauma-informed, and culturally safe public health interventions, arguing for a shift away from the blame placed on mothers to an understanding of dual parental responsibility for reproductive health. Ultimately, this review aims to enhance FASD prevention through preconception counselling, widespread screening, and system changes that support disadvantaged populations. This paper also seeks to increase the knowledge of young couples about the harmful impact of alcohol before, during, and after pregnancy. It suggests the shared responsibility of both parents. It offers new knowledge to mental health professionals, counsellors, and policymakers striving to reduce stigma and to promote resilience in families living with FASD.